Parnassius smintheus sayii W. H. Edwards, 1863
(Rocky Mountain Parnassian)

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Synonymy

(From: A Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada, Jonathan P. Pelham)

Genus Parnassius Latreille, 1804

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. 24(tab.): 185, no. 472, 199. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by monotypy. Koçak (1981), Priamus 1(2): 51 (nota), claimed that Parnassius was first used as a proper genus by Schneider (1785), Nomen. Entomol.: 34 (as “2 Parnassius F.”). Schneider did not use the name in a generic sense, but as an interposed adjective; Wagener (1988), Nota Lepid. 11(3): 237-238, discussed this issue. Nomina collectiva are descriptive epithets applying to individual variants below the subspecies-level. They frequently lack a description or indication and are almost always cited in some kind of quadrinomial combination. In the following synonymies, nomina collectiva are referenced for each taxon, but not listed individually.

      =    ‡Doritis [Fabricius], 1807

In: Illiger, Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 283, no. 22. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Dalman (1816), K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 37(1): 60. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.

      =    ‡Parnassis Hübner, [1819]

Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (6): 90. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1939), Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (B)8(7): 136. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804. This name may have been a misspelling, emendation, or a new description by Hübner; see Hemming (1967), Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.) Suppl. 9: 345.

      =    ‡Therius Billberg, 1820

Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75. Type-species: Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 41, by designation of Hemming (1933), Entomol. 66(844): 199. A junior objective synonym of Parnassius Latreille, 1804.

=    Tadumia Moore, 1902

Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 116. Type-species: Parnassius acco Gray, [1853], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 76, no. 350, pl. 12, figs. 5, 6, by original designation.

=    Kailasius Moore, 1902

Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 118. Type-species: Parnassius charltonius G. Gray, [1853] Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1(Pap.): 77, no. 355, pl. 12, fig. 7, by original designation.

=    Koramius Moore, 1902

Lepid. Ind. 5(53): 120. Type-species: Doritis delphius Eversmann, 1843, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16(3): 541, pl. 7, fig. 1A, B, by original designation.

=    Lingamius Bryk, 1935

Tierreich 65: 538-540. Type-species: Parnassius hardwickii G. Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell. (J. E. Gray) (1): 32, by original designation. This name was proposed twice by Bryk (1932), Parnassiana 2(1): 1, and Parnassiana 2(2): 20; no diagnosis or type-species designation was included in either publication. Since these names were proposed after 1930, they are not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).

=    Eukoramius Bryk, 1935

Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674. Type-species: Parnassius imperator Oberthür, 1883, Annls. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 6(3)(bull.)2(5): lxxvi-lxxvii, by monotypy. This name was proposed by Bryk (1934), Parnassiana 3(3): 43; without a diagnosis or type-species designation; since this name was proposed after 1930, it is not available (Code Articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 67.4.1).

=    Driopa Korshunov, 1988

Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 65-67. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation.

=    Erythrodriopa Korshunov, 1988

Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67. Type-species: Parnassius ariadne Lederer, 1853, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 3: 354, by original designation.

=    Sachaia Korshunov, 1988

Nov. Maloizvestiye Vidy Fauny Sib. No. 20: 67-68. Type-species: Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(2)(11): 621-622, no. 10, by original designation.

      =    ‡Adoritis Koçak, 1989

Priamus 4(4): 165-167. Type-species: Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 465, no. 42, by original designation. A junior objective synonym of Driopa Korshunov, 1988.

=    Quinhaicus Korshunov, 1990

Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 99. Type-species: Parnassius szechenyii Frivaldszky, 1886, Természettud. Füz. 10(1): 39, pl. 4, figs. 1, 1a, by original designation.

=    Kreizbergius Korshunov, 1990

Chlenist. Gelmint. sbornik trudov: 102. Type-species: Parnassius simo G. Gray, [1852], Cat. Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1: 76, no. 351, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4, by original designation.

=    Eversmanniodriopa Korb, 2005

Cat. Butt. ex USSR: 13. Type-species: Parnassius eversmanni [Ménétriés], [1850], in: Simashko, Russk. Fauna (17)(Lepid.): Pl. 4, fig. 5 ♂ D&V, legend, by original designation.

Parnassius smintheus E. Doubleday, 1847

In: Gen. diurn. Lepid. (1)(3): 26; 27, no. 8, pl. 4*, fig. 4 ♂ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius Smintheus

Type Locality: “Rocky Mountains”; defined as “vicinity of Rock Lake, [near Jasper] Alberta (53^o27'N, 118.^o16'W)” by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 40-41.

Types: Lectotype in BMNH, designated by J. Shepard (1984), Quaest. Entomol. 20(1): 41.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 150, (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96, and (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25, no. 273.

=    nanus Neumoegen, 1890

Entomol. Am. 6(4): 61-62.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus var. nanus

Type Locality: “near Fort Calgarry [sic!]...at Spence's Bridge, both places being in British Columbia” [Fort Calgary is in Alberta]

Types: Syntypes in USNM; two figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, figs. 4 ♀ D (‘Ft. Calgary’), 5 ♂ D (“British Columbia”).

McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(10): 223, discussed the Spence’s Bridge locality. Upon any future lectotype designation, the position of this taxon in the synonymy of P. smintheus may require revision.

=    manitobaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] manitobaënsis

Type Locality: “Manitoba, End-Mountains”; corrected to “End Mountain, Alta.” by McDunnough (1936), Can. Entomol. 68(2): 43; further defined as “End Mountain, near Exsham, Alberta” by Eisner (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 96. [Exshaw]

Types: Holotype in ZMHB.

=    ‡”nigerrima” Verity, [1907]

Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 23 ♀ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]; (11-12): 108 [31 Oct 1907]; (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: Parnassius delius var. smintheus forme hermodur ab. nigerrima

Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 16.

Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.

Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from page 108.

=    ‡”minor” Verity, [1907]

Rhop. palae. (7/8): pl. 16, fig. 21 ♂ D (“holotype”) [28 Feb 1907]: (30-36): ind. syst.: xx [31 Oct 1911].

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius var. smintheus forme minor

Type Locality: “Montagnes Rocheuses de la Colombie Britannique” implied from the legend to plate 26.

Types: “Holotype” in ZMKU.

Date of publication is that of plate 16; original combination is from the legend to plate 16.

=    ‡”minusculus” Bryk, 1912

Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 58, fig. 4 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. minusculus

Type Locality: “Colorado” apparently in error.

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

Original combination given on figure.

=    ‡”ernestinae” Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 51.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus smintheus form ernestinae

Type Locality: “Ptarmigan-Paß 135^o 20'/ 50^o 20” [Alberta]

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

=    ‡”verity” Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(4): 30.

Original Combination: Parnassius verity

Proposed to replace minor Verity, [1907], but unavailable names cannot be replaced (Code Article 1.3.4).

‡”rocky” Grum-Grshimaïlo, 1890

In: Romanov, Mém. Lépid. 4: 149 (note 9).

Original Combination: [Parnassius Smintheus var.] Rocky

Proposed without a description or indication; a nomen nudum.

Parnassius smintheus sayii W. H. Edwards, 1863

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philad. 2(2): 78, no. 1; figured by W. H. Edwards (1872), Butts. N. Am. [1](10): pl. Parnassius 2, figs. 2 ♀ D&V.

Original Combination: Parnassius Sayii

Type Locality: “Pikes Peak”; corrected to “gold region west of Denver” by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 6; neotype from “Running Creek Field Sta., 6950', Elbert Co., Colo., T9S R65W, SW ¼ 25" [Colorado]

Types: Neotype in CMNH, designated by F. Brown (1975), Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101(1): 9, fig. 2 ♀ D&V.

Nomina collectiva were proposed for this taxon and its synonyms by Bryk and Eisner (1935), Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55, Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): 151, and (1957), Zoöl. Meded. 35(8): 98, 100, 102, 103, 104.

                   =    hermodur Hy. Edwards,1881

Papilio 1(1): 4.

Original Combination: Parnassius Hermodur

Type Locality: “Southern Colorado”

Types: Holotype in AMNH; figured by Skinner (1916), Entomol. News 27(5): pl. 12, fig. 8 ♀ D.

Scott (1992), Papilio (n.s.) 6: 6-7, treated this as a subspecies-level taxon, a position which would require a thorough reevaluation of the synonymy of P. s. sayi.

                   =    polus Ehrmann, 1917

Lepidopterist 1(7): 54-55.

Original Combination: Parnassius polus

Type Locality: “Ashcroft, Pidkin [sic!] County, Colorado” [Pitkin County]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

                   =    montanus Ehrmann, 1918

Lepidoptera 2(4): 29-30.

Original Combination: Parn[assius]. smintheus v. montanus

Type Locality: “Bullion Peak, Colorado” [Park County]

Types: Syntypes in CMNH.

                   =    utahensis Rothschild, 1918

Novit. Zool. 25(1): 233.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus utahensis

Type Locality: “Park City, Utah” [Summit County]

Types: Syntype in BMNH.

                   =    catullius Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: Parnassius delius catullius

Type Locality: “Colorado, Pikes Peak...ca. 12-13 500 fuß” [El Paso-Teller counties]

Types: Syntypes said to be in Fruhstorfer collection, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).

                   =    aristion Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius aristion

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: Holotype said to be in ZSMC, but may be in SMNS (Seitz collection).

                   =    sordellus Fruhstorfer, 1923

Soc. Entomol. 38(2): 5.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. delius sordellus

Type Locality: “Nordamerika--näherer Fundort unbekannt”

Types: Syntypes possibly in ZSMC.

                   =    hollandi Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 53; figured by Eisner (1955), Zoöl. Meded. 33(17): pl. 23, figs. 1 ♂ D, 2 ♀ D, 3 ♂ D, 4 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] hollandi

Type Locality: “La Sal Mts., Turpus Valley, Californien [sic!]” [Grand-Wayne counties, Utah]

Types: Holotype in RMNH.

ZMHB was originally noted as the repository of the type, but Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 24, claimed to have deposited the holotype and allotype in RMNH.

                   =    dakotaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Parnassiana 3(4/5): 55; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, figs. 4 ♂ D (holotype), 5 ♀ D.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus] dakotaensis

Type Locality: “Black Hills, Mt. Roosevelt, Dakota merid.” [Lawrence-Pennington counties, South Dakota]

Types: Holotype noted to be in RMNH, but “syntype” series apparently split between that institution and ZMHB.

                   =    rotgeri O. Bang-Haas, 1938

Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20, pl. 1, figs. 6 ♂ D, 9 ♀ D.

Original Combination: P[arnassius]. phoebus rotgeri

Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]

Types: Syntypes probably in ZMHB.

                   =    rubina Wyatt, 1961

Z. wien. entomol. Ges. 46[72](9): 145-146, pl. 11, figs. 1 ♂ D (holotype), 2 ♀ D.

Original Combination: Parnassius phoebus rubina

Type Locality: “Liberty Peak, 3,120 m, Ruby Gebirge, südlich von Elko, Nevada”; redefined as “above Liberty Lake, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada” by Austin (1998), Syst. W. N. Am. Butts. (50): 630.

Types: Holotype in LNKD.

                         =    ‡”leonhardi” Bryk, 1912

Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57, fig. 1 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Leonhardi

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD; figured by Bryk (1921), Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 3 ♂ V, 4 ♂ D.

Original combination as given on figure.

                         =    ‡”mariae” Bryk, 1912

Soc. Entomol. 27(12): 57-58, fig. 3 ♂ D&V (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius v. smintheus ab. Mariae

Type Locality: “Colorado”

Types: “Holotype” should be in MTD (O. Bang-Haas collection).

                         =    ‡”quincunx” Bryk, 1915

Arch. Naturgesch. (A)80(7): pl. 9, fig. 67 ♂ (“cotype”); (9): 140, text.

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. quincunx

Type Locality: Not stated; suggested to be “Colorado, U.S.A.” by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): 25.

Types: “Cotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.

                         =    ‡”fermata” Bryk, 1921

Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 112-114, figs. 1 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: Parnassius smintheus ab. fermata

Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH; figured by Eisner (1966), Zool. Verh. (81): pl. 22, fig. 6 ♂ D.

                         =    ‡”melanophorus” Bryk, 1921

Entomol. Tidskr. 42(2): 114, fig. 2 ♂ D (“holotype”).

Original Combination: [Parnassius smintheus] ab. melanophorus

Type Locality: “Denver Colorado Rocky mountains”

Types: “Holotype” in RMNH.

                         =    ‡”reducta” O. Bang-Haas, 1938

Parnassiana 6(3/4): 20.

Original Combination: [Parnassius phoebus rotgeri] f[orm]. reducta

Type Locality: “Colorado, westl. von Denver, Evans mont., Clear Creek, 3800 m” [Mount Evans, Clear Creek County, Colorado]

Types: “Holotype” should be in ZMHB.

Bibliography

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